16/05/2026
Approach Income Approach
Description
Among the earliest approaches, it links human development directly to income levels.
Key Points
Higher income is viewed as expanding an individual’s freedom and opportunities. Greater income is assumed to correspond with higher human development.
Approach Welfare Approaching
Description
Views individuals as recipients of developmental initiatives and public services.
Key points
Stresses greater government expenditure on sectors like health, education, and social infrastructure. People are considered passive beneficiaries rather than active contributors
Approach Basic Needs
Description
Developed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) to ensure access to essential needs. Key points
Highlights six fundamental needs: food, health, education, water supply, sanitation, and housing. Focuses on providing basic requirements rather than expanding personal choices.
Approach Capability
Description
Associated with Amartya Sen, it prioritises the expansion of human capabilities.
Key points
Emphasises strengthening key capabilities through education, health, and access to resources. Building these capabilities is considered essential for improving human development