08/31/2026
A reef-building coral is an animal that farms an alga.
Single-celled algae called zooxanthellae live inside the coral's own tissue. They photosynthesise and, by NOAA's figure, can transfer as much as 90% of the organic material they produce to their host. In return they get shelter and nutrients. That trade is what lets reefs build enormous structures in water that is otherwise nutrient-poor.
Bleaching is what happens when that partnership breaks down: the coral loses its symbiotic algae, or those algae lose their pigments, and the white skeleton shows through the translucent living tissue. Heat stress is the major modern trigger, though it is not the only one.
A bleached coral is stressed, not necessarily dead. Ease the stress soon enough and it can recover.
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